ืชืจืฉื™ื ืžืก' 2 

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœ ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ืจื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืชื•ืš ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ืื• ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืžื’ืžื” ื–ื”ื” ืœื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉืจื˜ื•ื˜ 1.  ื”ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงื•ืช ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืฆืื” ืืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื”ืฉื•ืื” ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืกื˜ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื” ืœืฉืงืฃ ื”ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ. ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืจื•ื‘ื ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ืคืจื‘ืืจื™ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ืคื ื• ืฆื•ืœืœื™ื ื ืคื’ืขื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืžืฉืš ืื• ืœื™ืขื•ืฅ ืœืื—ืจ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ืจื˜ื•ื‘ื” 16% ืžื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืชื•ืขื“ื• ื‘ืฉืจื˜ื•ื˜ 2. ืคื ื• ืœืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœืจืคื•ืื” ื”ื™ืคืจื‘ืืจื™ืช ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืจืง 3% ืžื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ืกื˜ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื•ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื• ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ื—ืกืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขืœืžื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืœ ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ื ืฆืคื™ื. ืื™ืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ืืœื• ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื ื•ื”ืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ืจื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื”ื™ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืฉื™ืžืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ (ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืžืชื—ืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ืžืขืœื™ื”ื ื•ื‘ืชื ืœื—ืฅ) ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฉื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื•ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืืžืคื™ืจื™ื™ื. ืขื ื–ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื™ื ื‘ืฉืจื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืกื˜ื™ืจื” ืœื˜ืขื ื” ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืกืช ื›ื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ื‘ื ืคื’ืข ืขื ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืื• ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ืงืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื’ื™ืขืช ื“ืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื—ืžืจืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื”. ืื ื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื‘ื“"ื› ื—ืžื•ืจื” ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ (11) 

 

ืžื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืคืช ืœืงืคื™ืฆื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืžืง air "spike" ื”ื ื›ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื”ื•ื•ืื™ืช ืื ืื™ื ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืืžืคื™ืจื™ ? ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืืฉืจ ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื˜ืขื™ื ืช ื™ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื ืงืŸ ื‘ืจืงืžื•ืช ื‘ืขืช ื ืฉื™ืžืช ืื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ื’ื‘ื•ื”. ื˜ืขื ื” ื–ื• ืฉืขืœ ืคื ื™ื” ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื”ืคืจื›ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื“ืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ืœืคื™ื” ืคื’ื™ืขืช ื”ื“ืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ื•ื”ื•ืคืขืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืจื‘ ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืจืงืžื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื•ืชื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื•ืช ืจืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืชื— ื’ื– ื”ืžื•ืžืก ื‘ื›ื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ื›ืœ ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืœืจืคื•ืื” ื”ื™ืคืจื‘ืืจื™ืช ื™ืืœืฅ ืื ื–ืืช ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืืœื• ืื™ื ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœื ืืช ืžื—ืœืช ื”ื“ืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื”. ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘DCI ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขืชื ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืกื™ืงืืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื’ื– ื‘ืชืžื™ืกืช ื ื•ื–ืœ ื•ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ (ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช) ืœื”ืžืฆืื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ืกื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื. 

 

ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื“ืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ื ืžืฆืืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช, ื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืงืคื™ืฆื•ืช ืื•ื™ืจ / ืขื•ืžืง ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื•ื”ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืืžืคื™ืจื™ ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ื–ื•. 

ืคืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืžืชื•ื“ื•ืœื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ืจื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœืœื—ืฅ ื—ืœืงื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฆืŸ, ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ 9 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืคืจื•ืฉื” ื ืฉื™ืžืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืžืชืงืจื‘ ืœืฉืชื™ ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื•ืช. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ืคืจื‘ืืจื™ื™ื ืงื•ื ื•ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืืœื™ื ืœื—ืฅ ื—ืœืงื™ ื–ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื”ืจื™ ืฉื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืœื—ืฆื™ื ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช (ืžืงืกื™ืžื•ื 1.6 atm ืœื—ืฅ ืžืงืกื™ืžืืœื™ ื• 1.4 atm ื›ืœื—ืฅ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”) ื”ื•ื ื ืชืคืก ื›ื’ื‘ื•ื”. ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืžืชืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืจืขืœืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ืขืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืจื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืกื™ื›ืช ืคื ื™ื ืžืœืื”. ืืžื ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืกื™ื›ื” ื›ื–ื• ืžืฆืžืฆืžืช ืืช ืกื›ื ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืคื™ืจืงื•ืกื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื ืืš ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืชืŸ ืื™ื ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื•ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื” ืข"ื™ ื ืคื’ืข ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืชื•ืจื’ืœ ื‘ื›ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ื“ืจื’ืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื” ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื™. ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ื‘ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื•ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ 9 ืžื˜ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื‘ืฆืข ื•ืื›ืŸ ื”ืชื‘ืฆืขื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื’ื ืœืœื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืกื™ื›ืช ืคื ื™ื ืžืœืื”. 

ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžื•ืฆืขืช ืœืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ืจื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฆื•ืœืœื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื. 
ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืœืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ื• ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื•ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื”, ืคื™ืชื—ืชื™ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžืฉืœื™ ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ืจื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืœืœื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื’"ื’ ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื. ืชืžืฆื™ืช ื”ืžืชื•ื“ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืฆื•ืจืคืช ื›ื ืกืคื— ืœืžืืžืจ ื–ื”. 

ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื• ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืŸ 10 ื“ืงื•ืช ืฉื‘ื• ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื, ื‘ืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื•ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื‘ืื ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ื•ืขืฆื ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื• ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื“ื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื ืฉื™ืžืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืขืœืžื•ืช ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื” ื•ื‘ื”ื ื—ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœื‘ืฆืข ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ื™ืจื“ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœ ื”ื ืคื’ืข ืœืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ 7.5 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื ืฉื™ืžืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ. ืขื•ืžืง ื–ื” ืจื“ื•ื“ ืžืืœื• ื”ื ื”ื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื”ืฆื•ืœืœ ืœื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ื—ืœืงื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืขืจืš ืฉืœ 1.9 atm ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืœืจืžื” ืฉืœ ื› 1.7 atm ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืืœื• ื”ื ื”ื•ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืฆืœื™ืœื” ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช. ื”ื™ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื”ืงื˜ื ืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืคื™ืจืงื•ืกื™ื ืืฆืœ ื”ื ืคื’ืข (ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžืชื‘ืฆืข ืœืœื ืžืกื™ื›ืช ืคื ื™ื ืžืœืื”), ื”ื—ื™ืกืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื”ืคื—ืชืช ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช. ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื‘ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื”ืงืœื” ื‘ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื•ืจื’ืฉื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ 3 ืžื˜ืจื™ื, ืขื•ืžืง ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืฉืœ 7.5 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืคืฉืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ืขืœื•ืช ืชื•ืขืœืช ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ื•ืกื›ื ืช ื”ืจืขืœืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ. 

ื›ืžื• ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื”ื•ื•ืื™ืช ื’ื ื–ื• ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืงืคื™ืฆื•ืช ืขื•ืžืง ืขืœ ืื•ื™ืจ ืื• (ื•ืขื“ื™ืฃ) ืื•ื™ืจ ืžื•ืขืฉืจ EAN ืืš ื‘ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื›ืืŸ ืœื ืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช ื”ื”ืขืžืงื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืคื’ืข ื‘ื™ืœื” 10 ื“ืงื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืžืง 7.5 ืžื˜ืจ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฉื ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ื•ื’ื ืื–, ืจืง ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืœื ื—ืœื” ื”ืงืœื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืงืคื™ืฆืช ื”ืขื•ืžืง ื”ื™ื ืœืืคืฉืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืฆื•ืจืš. ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื ืฉื™ืžืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ืœืžืฉืš 10 ื“ืงื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ 7.5 ืžื˜ืจ ืข"ืž ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืงืœื” ื‘ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืงืคื™ืฆืช ืขื•ืžืง. ืื ืœื ื”ื•ืจื’ืฉื” ื”ืงืœื” ื›ื–ื• ื”ืจื™ ืฉื ื“ืจืฉืช ืขื•ื“ ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ื•ืื– ืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช ื”ืขืžืงื” ื ื•ืกืคืช. ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื”ื•ื•ืื™ืช ืžืขืžื™ืงื™ื ืชืฉืขื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืขื•ืžืง ื‘ื• ื ืขืœืžื™ื ื”ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื, ืื—ืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืขืœืžื•ืช ื”ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื›ื™ ื™ืชื‘ืฆืขื• ืงืคื™ืฆื•ืช ื•ื”ืขืžืงื•ืช ืžื™ื•ืชืจื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืชืชืงื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื”. ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžื•ืฆืขืช ืžื—ืœืงืช ืืช ืงืคื™ืฆื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืžืง ืœืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ 7.5 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื›ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืœื‘ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ื“ืงื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื ืคื’ืข, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ื ืขืœืžื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉืชื™ ื“ืงื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืœื ืžืขืžื™ืงื™ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื•, ื”ื ืคื’ืข ื™ื‘ืœื” ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื“ืงื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ื”ื ืชื•ืŸ. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื ืขืœืžื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืชื™ ื“ืงื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืžืงืกื™ืžืืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ 38 ืžื˜ืจื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืžื™ืงื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื•ืฉื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ื–ื” ืœืžืฉืš ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื”ื“ืงื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืชืจื•ืช. ื‘ืกื™ื•ื 10 ื”ื“ืงื•ืช ื™ืขืœื” ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืขื•ืžืง 7.5 ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื ืฉื•ื ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ืžื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื”ื•ื•ืื™ืช ื‘ืžืชื•ื“ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืงืคื™ืฆื•ืช ืขื•ืžืง ืžื™ื•ืชืจื•ืช. ืขื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืงืคื™ืฆืช ืขื•ืžืง ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžื’ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ืžืกืคืงืช ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืœื ืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ืขื•ืžืง 7.5 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื•ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื. 

ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ ืื ื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ืงืคื™ืฆื•ืช ืขื•ืžืง ืื• ืœืื• ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžืฉืš ื ืฉื™ืžืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ื—ืœืงื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื–ื” ืฉื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืœ 20 ื“ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ืžืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืื•ื™ืจ ืžื•ืขืฉืจืช, ืžืฉืš ื”ื”ืคืกืงื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฉ ื“ืงื•ืช. ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื ืื™ืžืฆื” ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ื”ืžื™ื™ื•ืฉืžืช ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืคืจื‘ืืจื™ ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขืช ืขื•ื•ื™ืชื•ืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื™ื™ืชืจ ืœื—ืžืฆืŸ. ื”ืคืกืงื•ืช ืืœื• ืœื ืื•ืžืฆื• ืข"ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืžืชื•ืš ื—ืฉืฉ ืœื˜ืขื™ื ืช ื™ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื ืงืŸ ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ืŸ. ืื ื–ืืช ื•ืœืื•ืจ ืื—ื•ื– ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื”ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืกื›ื ื” ื‘ื˜ืขื™ื ืช ื™ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื ืงืŸ ืื™ื ื” ืžืงื˜ื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉื‘ื”ืคืกืงื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืชื ืœื—ืฅ, ื ืจืื” ืฉื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืคืกืงื•ืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืžื•ืฆื“ืง ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืคื’ื™ืขืช ืขื•ื•ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื. 

ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžืชื•ืืจืช ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ืคืฉื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžืืœื™ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื ืคื’ืขื™ DCI ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื. ื”ื‘ืขื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ืื ื›ืœ ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื‘ืื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ. ื’ื ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืชื ื™ื, ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืžืชื•ื“ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”. ืœืžืฉืœ: ื”ืื ื”ื•ืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื—ืจื™ืคื™ื ื”ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืขืฆื‘ื™ืช ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” (ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื ืื•ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ื”ื™ืคื•ืงืกื™ื” ื•ืžื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื) ืื• ืฉืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืœ ืกื›ื ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืขื” ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจืช? 
ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืžืฉืชื ื” ืื—ื“ ืžื™ื ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื•ืื™ื ื ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื“ื™ ืฆื•ืจื›ื. ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ืžื•ืฆืขืช, ืื™ื ื” ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช ืฉืœืžืฉ ื›ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ืœืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืืœื” ื›ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืชื•ืคืขืœ ืข"ืค ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืชื ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืœืœื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืžื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช. 

 

ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื ื“ืจืฉ 
1. ื›ืžื•ืช ืžืกืคืงืช ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืกืคืงื• ืœื ืคื’ืข ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื, ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื›ืœ ืฆืœื™ืœื” ืžื•ืชืื ืœื—ืžืฆืŸ, ืžืขืจื›ืช ืืกืคืงื” ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื, ืื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ืกื’ื•ืจื” (ืœืฆื•ืœืœื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืกืžื›ื• ืœืฆืœื•ืœ ืขืžื”!) 
2. ื›ืžื•ืช ืžืกืคืงืช ืฉืœ ืื•ื™ืจ, EAN ืื• ืชืขืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืžื“ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืกืคืงื” ืœืฆื•ืœืœ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื™ื›ืœ, ืžืงื•ืจ ืืกืคืงื” ืขื™ืœื™ ื•/ืื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ืกื’ื•ืจื” (ืœืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ืกืžืš ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”!) 
3. ื—ื‘ืœ ืื ืš ืžืกื•ืžืŸ ื‘ืžืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื, ื•ืฉืืจื›ื• 40 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืื• ื”ืขื•ืžืง ื”ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ (ื”ืจื“ื•ื“ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื”ื.) 
4. ื›ืœื™ื ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืžืชื—ืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืฉืžืขืœื™ื• 

 

ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืžื•ืžืœืฅ 
1.ืžืกื™ื›ืช ืคื ื™ื ืžืœืื” FFC ืื• ืงืกื“ืช ืฆืœื™ืœื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื ืคื’ืข. 
2.ื“ืจืš ืœืื‘ื˜ื— ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืœืœ ื”ื ืคื’ืข ืœืื ืš

ืฉื™ื˜ื” 
ืžื™ื™ื“ ืขื ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคื’ื™ืขืช DCI 
1.ื”ื ืฉืžืช ื”ื ืคื’ืข ื‘ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ืœืžืฉืš 10 ื“ืงื•ืช, 
ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ืŸ ืžืขืงื‘ ืขืœ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืงืœื•ืœ ื”ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœื‘ืฆืข ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ. 
ืžืจื—ืง ืžืชื ืœื—ืฅ, ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื ืคื’ืข, ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืชืกืคื™ืง ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, 
2. ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ืฆื•ืœืœื™ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ืชื ืื™ ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ, ืฉืขื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื•ื›ื™ื•"ื‘. ื™ืฆืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื•ื”ืชื™ืขืฆื•ืช ืขื ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืžืคื ื”. 
3. ืื ื ื“ืจืฉ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ืจื˜ื•ื‘ื” (IWR) ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืื™ื ื ื ืขืœืžื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 10 ื”ื“ืงื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื ืฉื ื”ื ืคื’ืข ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ื• ืœืขื•ืžืง 7.5 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืœ ื“ืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” (ืื ืš) ื•ืขื 100% ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืœืžืฉืš 10 ื“ืงื•ืช ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉื’ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืœืœ ืžื˜ืคืœ ื”ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืงืฉืจ ื’ื ืขื ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื. 
4. ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื ืขืœืžื• ืœืื—ืจ 10 ื“ืงื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืžืง 7.5 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืขื•ืžืง ื–ื” ื•ืขืœ ื”ื ืคื’ืข ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœื ืฉื•ื ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ืœืžืฉืš 90 ื“ืงื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื›ืœ 20 ื“ืงื•ืช ืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช ื”ืคืกืงื” ื‘ืช 5 ื“ืงื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื” ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื ืคื’ืข ืื•ื™ืจ ืื• ืชืขืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช EAN . 
5. ื”ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื ืขืœืžื™ื ืื• ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 10 ื”ื“ืงื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื ื ืฉื ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืžืง 7.5 ืžื˜ืจื™ื, ืžื•ื—ืœืฃ ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ ืื• ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืžืชืื™ืžื”, ืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช "ืงืคื™ืฆืช ืขื•ืžืง" ื”ื ืคื’ืข ืžื•ืฆื‘ ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ 15 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืชื™ ื”ื“ืงื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ื• ืข"ื™ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ, ืื ื—ืœื” ื”ืงืœื” ื‘ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ื ืฉืืจ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ื–ื” ืœืžืฉืš 8 ื“ืงื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืฉืœ 1.5 ืžื˜ืจ ืœืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ 7.5 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืกื™ื•ืžื” ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืœื‘ 3 ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ. 
6 . ื”ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื ืขืœืžื™ื ืื• ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืชื™ ื“ืงื•ืช ื‘ 15 ืžื˜ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืฆืข "ืงืคื™ืฆื”" ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœ 22.5 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื•ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื•ืœื‘ืฆืข ื”ืขืžืงื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืช 7.5 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืœ ืฉืชื™ ื“ืงื•ืช ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ื ืชื•ืŸ, ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื—ืœ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืื• ืขื“ ืœืขื•ืžืง ื”ืžืงืกื™ืžืืœื™ ื”ืžื•ืชืจ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฉืœ 10 ื“ืงื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืžืง 38 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืฉืœ 3 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืงื” ืขื“ ืœืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ 22.5 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื•ืžืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ืื˜ ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืขืœื™ื” ืœ 1.5 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืงื” ืขื“ ืœืขื•ืžืง 7.5 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื•ืฉื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉืœื‘ 3. 
7. ืื ืœืื—ืจ 90 ื“ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ืžืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ืขื ื”ืคืกืงื•ืช ืื•ื™ืจ / ืื•ื™ืจ ืžื•ืขืฉืจ ื ืขืœืžื• ื”ืชืกืžื ื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ืคื’ืข ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืฉืœ 30 ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ื“ืงื”, ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื ืฉื•ื ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ืขื“ ืœื”ื’ืขืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืฅ, ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจืขืœืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ, ืื• ื—ืœื•ืฃ 3 ืฉืขื•ืช. 
8. ืื ื”ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื ืขืœืžื™ื ืื• ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื ืœืื—ืจ 90 ื“ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ืžืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืžืง 7.5 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื ืฉื™ืžืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ 20 ื“ืงื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื”ืคืกืงื” ื‘ืช 5 ื“ืงื•ืช ื‘ื” ื ื ืฉื ืื•ื™ืจ ืื• ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืžื•ืขืฉืจืช, ืขื“ ืœืกื™ื•ื ื›ืœ ืืกืคืงืช ื”ื’ื–, ื”ื’ืขืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืฅ, ื”ื•ืคืขืช ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืจืขืœืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืœืจืขื” ื‘ืชื ืื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืื• ื”ื ืคื’ืข, ื”ืขืœืžื•ืช ื”ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื. ื”ืขืœื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ืชืขืฉื” ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืฉืœ 30 ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืœื“ืงื”

ืœืžืืžืจ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื•ืœืกื™ืžื•ื›ื™ืŸ: Rubicon Foundation 

 

ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื“ 
ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ืจื˜ื•ื‘ื” (ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืคืชื•ื—ื” ื•ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.) ื ื ืงื˜ ื‘ืกื“ื ื ื–ื•. ืฉืจื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืก' 3 ืžืกื›ื ืืช ื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื”ื ื™ืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื• ื›ืขืช. ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ืจื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ ืœื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื” ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”. ืื ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื™ื ื ื” ื›ื” ื—ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื™ืช ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื‘ืื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ ืคื’ื™ืขืช DCI , ืื ื›ืŸ ื ื•ืชืจืช ืจืง ืฉืืœืช ื”ืžืชื•ื“ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช. ื‘ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ืื™ื ื ื” ื›"ื› ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ื ื•ืฉื ืœื• ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืžื™ืจื‘ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื”ืจืช ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืื• ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ืจื˜ื•ื‘ื”.

ืชืจืฉื™ื ืžืก' 3 

ืชืจืฉื™ื ื–ืจื™ืžื” ื”ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœื ื•ืฉื ื”ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ื”ืจื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื“ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ืคืชืจื•ืŸ. 
ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ืจื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœืขื•ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘, ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืžื” ื”ื ื”ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื. ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ืžื•ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืชืจืฉื™ื ื”ื–ืจื™ืžื” (ืฉืจื˜ื•ื˜ 3) ื•ืœืœื ืกืคืง ื™ืฉื ื ืขื•ื“ ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืžื” ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžืฉืชื ื” ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช . ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืืžืคื™ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื”ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืœื ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื—ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื™ืช ื•ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื™ืช. 

ืœื›ืฉืชื•ืฉื’ ื”ื‘ื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืฉืชื ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืฉืœื‘ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžืชื•ื“ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื”ืื ื™ืฉื ื” ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžื•ืขื“ืคืช ืื—ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื• ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืžืก' ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื™ืชื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืื• ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื“ื™ื ืืžื™ืช ืื—ืช ื”ืžืฉืชื ื” ืœืคื™ ืžืก ' ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ืœื’ื•ืคื•. ืข"ืž ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืœื ืงื•ืช ื‘ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืืžืคื™ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืžืฆื‘ื™ ื—ื™ืจื•ื. 

ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื: ืžื” ื”ื ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื ื™ืฉ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืจื—ื•ืง, ืคืจืกื•ื ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื•ื” ืฆืขื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืืš ืœื ื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื ื•ืฉื. ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ ื”ื ืคื’ืข ื•ื—ื•ืžืจืช ืžืฆื‘ื• ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืงื•ืจืก ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ื™ืคื•ืชื— ื•ื™ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืข"ื™ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืฆืœื™ืœื” ื•ื™ืกืžื™ื›ื• ืฆื•ืœืœื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืขื”. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ื• ืžื•ืงื“ื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืงืžืช ืžืื’ืจ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืœืชื™ืขื•ื“ ืžืงืจื™ ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” . ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš ื•ื‘ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื™ืชื’ืœื• ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืคืชื— ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืžืชืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื›ืืœื• ืฉื™ืฉื•ืœื‘ื• ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื”.  ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ืจื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืืจื•ื›ื”, ื•ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืจืง ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ื‘ื”

ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ืจื˜ื•ื‘ื”
ืžืืช ืจื™ืฆ'ืืจื“ ืคื™ื™ืœ, ืชืจื’ื ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื“ืŸ ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™

ืชืžืฆื™ืช

ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืขื ืฃ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ืฆืœื™ืœื” ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช" ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืฆื•ืœืœื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื, ื’ื“ืœ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœืžื—ืœืช ื”ื“ืงื•ืคืจืกื™ื” ((DCI ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื–ื• ื•ื™ื—ื“ ืขืžื• ื’ื ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ื”ืจื˜ื•ื‘ื” IWR)). ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ื™ืžื•ืงื™ื ื”ืžื•ืขืœื™ื ืชื“ื™ืจ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื ื•ื”ืœ ื–ื” (ื”ืขื“ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืกืคืง ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืœืฆื•ืœืœ ื‘ืžื™ื, ืกื›ื ื” ืฉืœ ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืจืขืœืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ (ืคื™ืจื›ื•ืกื™ื), ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื ื”ืœื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื“ืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ื‘ืžื™ื, ื”ืขื“ืจ ืกื™ื•ืข ืœื•ื’ื™ืกื˜ื™ ืžืชืื™ื, ืกื›ื ืช ื”ื™ืคื•ื˜ืจืžื™ื” ื•ืขื•ื“.) ื ืฉืœืœื™ื ืื• ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื‘ืขืœื™  ื”ืฉืœื—ื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืชื•ืช ื›ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฆื•ืœืœื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ืขื ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืืœื•.  ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ  ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœื”ื–ื“ืงืงื•ืช ืœืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ืจื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžื—ื“ ื•ื”ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื ื”ืœื™ื” ืžืื™ื“ืš, ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื ืœืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื ืื™ื“ืืœื™ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื” ื›ืฉื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื›ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช. ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘  ื‘ื ื”ืœื™ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืืฃ ืœืฉื›ืœืœ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืชื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ืจื˜ื•ื‘ื”. ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ืžืฆื™ืข ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ืจื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช ื•ืžื•ืชืืžืช  ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืขื•ืกืง ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ืจื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืžืขื ื” ื”ื•ืœื ืœืžื—ืœืช ื”ื“ืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ืื™ืœื• ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืชื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืขื ื” ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžืืœื™, ื™ืฉ (ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ*) ืžืงื•ื ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ (ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื”) ื‘ืคืŸ ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ื”ืจื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื–"ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืื ืžืฆื‘ ื ืชื•ืŸ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื• ืžืฆื“ื™ืง ืืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื”.

โ€‹

ื”ืงื“ืžื”

ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืฉื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ื”ืจื˜ื•ื‘ื” IWR ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื ื•ืฉื ื›ื•ืœื• ืฉื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืงืฉื” ( ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ืจื˜ื•ื‘ื” IWR   ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ื› "ื›ืœ ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘' ืื• ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ, ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื“ื™ื ื›ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ ืžื—ืœืช ื”ื“ืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” (DCI) ืข"ื™ ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืฆื•ืœืœ ื”ื ืคื’ืข ืœืžื™ื" โ€“ ื•ืžื•ื‘ื“ืœืช ืžืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืกืงื” ืื• ื›ื–ื• ืฉื‘ื” ืœื ื”ื•ืฉืœืžื• ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ื•ื‘ื”ื ื—ื–ืจ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœ ืœืžื™ื ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื“ืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื•ืคืขืชื ืฉืœ ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืžื—ืœื”) ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืื™ื ื• ืžืคืชื™ืข ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ื”ืจื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื›ืœืœ ืื™ื ื• ื ืชืžืš ืœื ืข"ื™ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื“ืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ื•ืœื ื ืชื•ื ื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ืงืœื™ื ื™ ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ  ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืœืœ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœ ืžืžื—ืœื” ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื” ื•ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžื•ื‘ื ืช ื›ืœ ืฆืจื›ื”, ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” "ืขื•ื™ื™ื ืช" ื•ืฉืื™ื ื” ื‘ืจืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”. ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืจืง ืžืืžืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ื ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืขืžื™ืง ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ื”ืจื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ืจื•ื‘ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื•ืžื”ื•ื•ืื™.(1-6) ืงื•ืžืฅ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืžืืžืจื™ื (7-10) ื›ื•ืœืœ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืงืฆืจ ื‘ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ื”ืจื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืืš ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืกื™ืžื•ื›ื™ื  ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื”ืชื™ื—ืกื•ืช  ื‘ื”ื ืœื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžื—ืœืช ื”ื“ืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืœืคื™ืกืงืื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช. (11-13)

 

ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื’ื“ืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื™ื (ืฉืื™ื ื ืฆื•ืœืœื™ื ืžืกื—ืจื™ื™ื / ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื) ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืฆืœื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื–ื™ื ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ( ืื•ื™ืจ ืžื•ืขืฉืจ nitrox, ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ, heliox, trimix) ืฆืœื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœื™ื ื”ืžื›ืชื™ื‘ื™ื ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ื“ืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช. ืชื—ืช ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช "ืฆืœื™ืœื” ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช" ืชื—ื•ื ืžืชืจื—ื‘ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื” ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืžืกืคืจ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืขื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™"ืœ ืฉื ืชื™ื•ืช, ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืคืจืกื•ื ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื™ื, ื™ืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืืžืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ืœืžื—ืฆื”. ( ืžืืžืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ื*) ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืฆืœื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœื™ื "ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื" ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื ื”ืœื™ ื“ืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื™ื” ื ืกื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื ืžืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืžืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืœืœืงื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืœืช ื”ื“ืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื ื•ืฆืจื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืฆื•ืœืœื™ื ื–ื• ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืžื—ืœื”. ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื–ื• ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื”ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ื”ืจื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืขืœื” ื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื ื‘ื™"ืœ ื•ื‘ืกื™ื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืืžืจื™ื. (15-18)

 

ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฆื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืข"ื™ ืคื™ื™ืœ ื•ื™ืื ื’ื‘ืœื“ (19,20) ื‘ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืื•ืคืคืช ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ืจื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื ืขื•ืฅ ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”, ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœืŸ ื ืคืกืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ,  ืืจื•ื›ื” ื•ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื˜ืขื™ื ืช ื—ื ืงืŸ ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ืจืงืžื•ืช ( ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื• ื ื ืฉื ืื•ื™ืจ ื•/ืื• ืื•ื™ืจ ืžื•ืขืฉืจ nitrox) ื”ืจืขืœืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ (ื‘ื ืฉื™ืžืช 100% ื—ืžืฆืŸ) ืกื›ื ืช ื˜ื‘ื™ืขื”, ื”ืขื“ืจ ืคื™ืงื•ื—, ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืฆื•ืœืœื™ื ื”ืžื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ืคื•ื˜ืจืžื™ื”, ืชื ืื™ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” (ื–ืจื ื•ื’ืœื™ื) ืกื›ื ื” ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช ืžื”ื—ื™ ื”ื™ืžื™, ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœ ื”ืคื’ื•ืข ื•ื”ืžืคืงื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื•. ืฉื ื™ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ืขืœ ื’ื“ื™ืœืช ื”ื‘ื•ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื ืฉื™ืžืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ื—ืœืงื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืืฉืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ืžื ื™ืขื” ืื• ื”ื™ืคื•ืš ื”ื™ืคื•ืงืกื™ื”  ื‘ืจืงืžื•ืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืžื—ืœืช ื”ื“ืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื”,  ืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื—ืกื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื.  ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ืฉืœืœ ื”ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืื—ื•ื– ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ืืฉืจ ื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ (1,4,19,20 ื•ืžืืžืจ ื–ื”).

 

ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืœืžืืžืจ ื–ื”, ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืกืงื•ืจ ืืช ื ื”ืœื™ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ืงื•ื ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ืจื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื•ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ืจื˜ื•ื‘ื”  ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช ืœืฆื•ืœืœื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืœื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ื•ื ื”ืœื™ ืฆืœื™ืœื” ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช, ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื›ืœื•ืœ ื ื”ืœื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ื”ืจื˜ื•ื‘ื”.

 

ืกืงื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื ื”ืœื™ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช

ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ื™ื•ืชื ื—ืฉื•ืคื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืกื›ื ื•ืช ืžื—ืœืช ื”ื“ืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” (ื‘ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœื™ ืฆืœื™ืœื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื) ืฆื•ืœืœื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื”ืžื•ื›ืฉืจื™ื ื•ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ. ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื–ื• ืœืคื™ืกื™ืงื” ื•ืœืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ืœืžื—ืœืช ื”ื“ืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ื•ื”ืจืขืœืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื•ื”ื›ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื”ืœื™ื ื”ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœ ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ืจื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช: ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืชืขืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื, ื ื”ืœื™ ื“ืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื”, ืฆืœื™ืœื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช,  ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ืœื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืžืกืคืงื•ืช ื”ื’ื ื” ื˜ืจืžืืœื™ืช. ื™ืชืจื” ืžื–ืืช ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืžืื•ืžื ื™ื ื•ืžื ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ ื—ื™ืจื•ื.

 

ื“ืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื”  ื•ื—ืžืฆืŸ

ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื“ืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ื•ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ 20  ft 6 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ื” ื ื•ื”ืœ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ืฆืœื™ืœื” ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืช ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ืจื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ืžืฉืœื‘ื•ืช ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื. ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื–ื”ื• ื ื•ื”ืœ ืฉื›ื™ื— ื•ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืจื™ ืฉื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื ืžืชื•ืจื’ืœื™ื ื‘ื•, ื‘ื“"ื› ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืจืฉื•ืชื ืžื™ื›ืœื™ื ื•ื•ืกืชื™ื ื ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ืืฃ ืžืงื•ืจ ื’ื– ื”ืžืžื•ืงื ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชื—ื ืช ื”ื“ืงื•'.  ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื™ื ื›ืžื•ืช ื’ื– ื”ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื–ื• ื”ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ืžื‘ื˜ืœืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฉื›ื™ื—ื” ื”ื’ื•ืจืกืช ืืช ื”ื”ืคืš. ืขื ื–ืืช ืžื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื“ืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ื ื•ื‘ืข ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื”, ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืฆื•ืœืœ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืคื’ื™ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืกื›ื ืช ื”ืจืขืœืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื™ื–ื“ืงืง ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื—ืฉืฃ ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื’ื– ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ื“ืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื”.   

 

ืื•ื™ืจ ืžื•ืขืฉืจ nitrox

ื ื•ื”ื’ ืฉื›ื™ื— ื‘ืฆืœื™ืœื” ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ ืžื•ืขืฉืจ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ืชืขืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ืฆืœื™ืœื•ืช ืจื“ื•ื“ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื“ืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื”, ืชืขืจื•ื‘ื•ืช  ืฉืœ ืื•ื™ืจ ืžื•ืขืฉืจ ื‘ื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฆืœื™ืœื•ืช ื“ืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช,  ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืงืจื™ื ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืฉืœ 80% ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื• 20% ื—ื ืงืŸ ( 80 EAN ) ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ืœื ืฉื™ืžืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ื“ืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื. ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ื›ื–ื• ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ื›ืฉื™ื™ืชืจื•ื ื” ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื”ืคื—ืชืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื”ืจืขืœืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืื• ืœื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื—ืกืจื•ื ื” ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื”ื—ื ืงืŸ ื”ืžืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ืืคืงื˜ ืขืงื•ืžืช ื” off gasing ื‘ืจืงืžืช ื”ื ืื“ื™ื•ืช (ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื ืงืŸ ืคื—ื•ืชื” ืžื–ื• ืฉื‘ื ืฉื™ืžืช ืื•ื™ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื)  ืชืขืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื“"ื› ื‘ืขืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืฆืœื™ืœื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ( EAN-50 EAN-40 EAN-36 ) ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ื’ื– ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš depth spikes   ื”ืžืชื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื”. ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ื‘ื”ืขื“ืจ ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ืชืขืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื•ื™ืจ ืžื•ืขืฉืจ ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืขืœ ื ืฉื™ืžืช ืื•ื™ืจ ืข"ื™ ื ืคื’ืข ืžื—ืœืช ื“ืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืžืชื‘ืฆืข ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืœืื•.

 

ื”ืœื™ื•ื

ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืฆืœื™ืœื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช (> 50 ืžื˜ืจ) ืฆื•ืœืœื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ืœื™ื•ื ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื”, ื‘ืฆื•ืจื”  ืฉืœ heliox  (ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื›ื™ื—ื”) ืื• trimix  (ื”ืœื™ื•ื ื—ื ืงืŸ ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื™ื•ืชืจ). ืœืชืขืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ  ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืขืงื™ืคื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื”. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ ืžื—ืœืช ื”ื“ืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืฆืœื™ืœื” ืขื ื”ืœื™ื•ื ื‘ื”ืฉื•ืื” ืœืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืฆืœื™ืœื” ืขื ืื•ื™ืจ ืื• ืชืขืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ื—ื ืงืŸ. (ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ื ืื•ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืœ ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ ื›ืื‘, ืื• ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื)   ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื–ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ื•ืขืœ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ ืขืœื•ืช/ ืชื•ืขืœืช ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ deep ยฐspikesยฐ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืœืื—ืจ ืฆืœื™ืœืช ืขื•ืžืง ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื•ื. (ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช  ื”deep ยฐspikeยฐ    ื‘ืขืช ื ืฉื™ืžืช ืื•ื™ืจ ืื• ืชืขืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื•ื™ืจ ืžื•ืขืฉืจ   ื™ืคื—ืชื• ืขื ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื– ื”ืขื•ื“ืฃ ื‘ืจืงืžื•ืช ื”ื ืคื’ืข ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืœื™ื•ื. ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืš ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ื”ืœื™ื•ื ื™ืฉื ื ื™ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืข"ืค ืชืขืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ื—ื ืงืŸ.(22) ืื ื–ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื”ืœื™ื•ื ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื“ื™ ืฆืจื›ื•.

 

ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžืžื—ื–ืจื•ืช ื ืฉื™ืžื”   Rebreathers

ืื ื›ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืฆื•ืœืœื™ื ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื, ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืกื’ื•ืจื•ืช ืฆื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืฆื•ืœืœื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื (23-37). ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ืžืฆื™ืขื•ืช ื ื™ืฆื•ืœืช ื’ื– ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื›ืš ื™ืชืจื—ื‘ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื”. ื—ืกืจื•ื ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžืžื—ื–ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืชืŸ, ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ื›ืฉืœ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ื”ื ื’ื–ืจ ืžืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื–ื• ( ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื: ื”ืฆืคืช ืžื™ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืกื•ืคื— -  Co2) ื•ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ.


ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžืžื—ื–ืจื•ืช ื ืฉื™ืžื” โ€“ ื—ืžืฆืŸ 
ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ืŸ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืกื’ื•ืจื•ืช ืœื—ืžืฆืŸ ื•ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืžืขืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืœื• ืžืกืคืงื•ืช ืœืฆื•ืœืœ ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ื”ืžืกื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื›ืœ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืกื•ืคื— Co2 ื•ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืกื’ื•ืจ. ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื ืงื‘ืขืช ืข"ื™ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื˜ืื‘ื•ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœ . ืจืง ื›ืžื•ืช ืžื–ืขืจื™ืช ืžื”ื’ื– ืžืชื‘ื–ื‘ื–ืช ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืžื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืกืคื™ืง ืœืฆื•ืœืœ ืœืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘. ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืกื’ื•ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ืช ื‘ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืืจื™ืš ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ืืช ืžืฉืš ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช. ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืžื—ื–ืจื•ืช ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื’ื ืืœื• ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืข"ื™ ืฆื•ืœืœื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ืžื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืคืขืœืชืŸ ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช "ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช". ื‘ืฉืœ ืžื’ื‘ืœืช ื”ืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”, ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฆื‘ืื™ ื•ื”ืŸ ืื™ื ืŸ ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืฆื•ืœืœื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื. 

 

ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื—ืฆื™ ืกื’ื•ืจื•ืช 

ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžืžื—ื–ืจื•ืช ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื—ืฆื™ ืกื’ื•ืจื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืš ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžืžื—ื–ืจื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื– ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื”, ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืžื•ื–ืจืงืช ืœืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืงื‘ื•ืข ืื• ืžืฉืชื ื” ืข"ืค ื“ืจื™ืฉื” (ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืกื•ื’ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช) ื•ื”ื’ื– ื”ืขื•ื“ืฃ ืžืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืžืžื ื•. ืืœื• ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืฆื•ืœืœื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ื‘ืฉืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชืŸ ืœื”ืืจื™ืš ืืช ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช (ืื ื›ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืคื—ื•ืชื” ืžื–ื• ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืกื’ื•ืจื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ) ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื‘ืกื™ืกืŸ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืœื• ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ ืื•ื™ืจ ืžื•ืขืฉืจ (EAN) ื”ื—ืœืคืชื• ื‘ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ืชืืคืฉืจ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืžื•ืฉืš ืขื ืืกืคืงืช ื’ื– ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช, ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ื™ืกื™ืจ ืืžื ื ืืช ืกื›ื ืช ื”ื”ื™ืคื•ืงืกื™ื” ื”ืื™ื ื”ืจื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืืš ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื›ืฉืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื (ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื ื”ืฆืคืช ื”ืžื™ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืกื•ืคื—) ื•ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื•ื•ืชืจื• ื‘ืขื™ื ืŸ. 

 

ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืกื’ื•ืจื•ืช ืœืชืขืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื–ื™ื 

ื”ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœื•ืช ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžืžื—ื–ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” (ืคื—ื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฅ ืžืžืข' ื—ืฆื™ ืกื’ื•ืจื•ืช) ื‘ื”ืŸ ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืŸ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืกื’ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื–ื™ื, ืืœื• ืžืฉืœื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ืฉื‘"ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช" ( ื ืฆื™ืœื•ืช ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืกื’ื•ืจื•ืช ืžื—ื“ ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืžืฆื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืกื’ื•ืจื•ืช ืœืžื—ืฆื” ืžืื™ื“ื—) ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื ื• ื”ื›ืœื™ ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื”ื•ื•ืื™ืช ื‘ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” (ืื• ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืื—ืจืช ื”ืžืฉืœื‘ืช depth"spike" ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ) ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืกื’ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื‘ืงืจื” ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืช ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืœืืกืคืงืช 100% ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืœืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ืขื•ืžืงื™ื ื”ืจื“ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืœืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžืืœื™ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื•ืžืง. ื’ื ื›ืืŸ ื ื“ืจืฉืช ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ื•ื”ื›ืจื” ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืข"ืž ืฉืชืฉืžืฉ ื›ื›ืœื™ ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื”. ืขื ื–ืืช ืฆื•ืœืœื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืกืžื›ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ื“,ื› ืžื ืฆืœื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืฆืœื™ืœื•ืช ืขื•ืžืง ืื• ืฆืœื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื ื™ื“ื—ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืื™ืŸ ืืกืคืงืช ื’ื– ืกื“ื™ืจื” ื•ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”. 

 

ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื˜ื›ื ื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ 

ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืกื™ื›ืช ืคื ื™ื ืžืœืื” (FFM ) ื”ืžืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืคื’ืข ืžื”ืจืขืœืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ, ืœืฆื•ืœืœื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื™ื•ืžื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžืกื™ื›ื•ืช ืืœื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ื’ื•ืจื ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืขืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื•ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขื•ื“ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ืœื—ืฅ ื‘ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืžืžื™ืœื, (ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื•ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื”). ืขื ื–ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ืœื ืžื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืœืœื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืกื™ื›ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืฆืœื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืงืฉืจ (ืขื•ื“ ืคืจื™ื˜ ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื”). ืคืจื™ื˜ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื• ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื” ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื” ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื”ืžืชืœื•ื•ื” ืืœื™ื” ื”ืžืกืคืงื™ื ื”ื’ื ื” ื˜ืจืžื™ืช ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื‘ืฆืœื™ืœื•ืช ื“ืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื•ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ืขืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื”. 

 

ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืœื•ื’ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช 

ืžืขืœ ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืขืจื›ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื•ื ื”ืœื™ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ืงื•ื ืงืกื˜ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื”, ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื›ื™ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื–ื• ื‘ื“"ื› ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจืš ืœื•ื’ื™ืกื˜ื™ ืžื‘ื•ืงืจ ื•ืžื™ื•ืžืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื” ื”ืชื•ืžืš ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆืœื™ืœื” ืกืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื™ื”ื™ื• (ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื) ืžื™ื•ืžื ื™ื ื•ืžื ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ ื—ื™ืจื•ื ื•ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื’ื ืขื ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช. 

ืžืชื•ื“ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” 

ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช 
ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืคื•ืจืžืืœื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ืจื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืคื•ืจืกืžื• ืขื“ ื›ื” : ื–ื• ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ืช", ื‘ื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉื•ืœื™ ื”ืฆื“ืคื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”(1), ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ (29) , ื•ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื”ื•ื•ืื™ืช (4) ืฉื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื“ื™ื™ื’ื™ ื”ืื™. ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ืช ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืžืง 9 ืžื˜ืจ ืœืžืฉืš ืคืจืงื™ ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ 30 ืœ 90 ื“ืงื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื—ื•ืžืจืช ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื. ื”ืขืœื™ื” ืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืื™ื˜ื™ ื•ืจืฆื™ืฃ ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืจ ืื—ื“ ืœ 12 ื“ืงื•ืช. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืขืœื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื”ื ืคื’ืข ืœื ืฉื•ื ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืกืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืขื” ืœื ืฉื™ืžืช ืื•ื™ืจ ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืœ ืฉืขื” ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ืžืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ื•ืœืžืฉืš 12 ืฉืขื•ืช. ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืขื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื” ื”ืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ 60 ื“ืงื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืžืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืฉื” ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืขืœื™ื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœื ืฉื•ื ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืœืžืฉืš 3 ืฉืขื•ืช. ื’ื ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื”ื•ื•ืื™ืช ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื• ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ืช ืืš ื‘ื–ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื•ืช ืงืคื™ืฆื•ืช ืขื•ืžืง depth "spikes" ืœืขื•ืžืง ื”ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ 10 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืžืง ื‘ื• ื ืคืกืงื• ื”ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ืœ 10 ื“ืงื•ืช (ืชื•ืš ื ืฉื™ืžืช ืื•ื™ืจ ) ื•ืื—"ื› ืขืœื™ื” ืœืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ 9 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ืžืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ืœืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืืจื•ืš. 

ืžืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื–ื• ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื›ืจืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื” ื”ื”ื•ื•ืื™ืช, ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ื–ื›ืจืช ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืœื™ืœื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช. ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื–ื• ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจืืœื™ืช ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืžื”ื”ื•ื•ืื™ืช ื‘ื“"ื› ืชื•ืš ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื˜ืขื™ื ืช ื—ื ืงืŸ ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ืจืงืžื•ืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืงืคื™ืฆื•ืช ืขื•ืžืง ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื”ื•ื•ืื™ืช ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื•ืฉื’ ืžื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœืœื—ืฅ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื’ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ืจื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืจื•ื‘ ืคื•ืกืœ ืืช ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ ื›ื’ื– ื ืฉื™ืžื”. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื”ื™ืคืจื‘ืืจื™ื™ื ื›ื™ ื ืฉื™ืžืช ืื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืงืœื” ื‘ื”ื. (11,30) ืžืื™ื“ื— ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืืžืคื™ืจื™ ืœื”ืกื›ืžื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื˜ืœ ื‘ืกืคืง (31) ืข"ื™ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉื ืขืฉื• ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืฆื•ืœืœื™ื ื”ื•ื•ืื™ื™ื (4) ื•ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื• ื™ื—ืก ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” (ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขืœืžื•ืช ืื• ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื) ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฉื›ืœืœ ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืชืขืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื•ื™ืจ. 

ืชืจืฉื™ื ืžืก' 1 
ื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ืขืœ ื“ื™ื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ื•ืื™ (4) ืคืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžื•ื ื— ืืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžืชื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื ื ืฆืคื• ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ ืคื’ื™ืขืช ื“ืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ. ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจืช ื”ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœ ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืš ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชื ืœื—ืฅ. ื”ื—ืžืจื” โ€“ ื”ื—ืžืจื” ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื, ืœื ื—ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื™ โ€“ ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืชื•ืฆืื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ. ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืชื•ืขื“ื• ืžื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ืžื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืจื˜ื•ื˜. 

ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื ืชื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื•ืฉื’ื• ืจื˜ืจื˜ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื ืกืžื›ื• ืขืœ ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื, ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืง. ืžื—ืงืจ ื“ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืจืงื•ืžืคืจืกื™ื” ื•ืืฉืจ ืžืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื.(ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ) ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืžื’ืžื” ื–ื”ื” ืœื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.

 

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